PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES IN NIGERIA
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Background Of The Study
In any culture, there is certain to be at least one significant issue. These issues might be related to politics, business, education, agriculture, communication, housing, transportation, health, or any of a number of other topics. It is constantly apparent that the government is establishing policies in response to these difficulties and in relation to the aims of growth, national development, and the well-being of the population. This is done in order to tackle these problems as they could exist at particular times in time (Anifowose & Enemuo 2022). This is required because if measures are not taken to address these problems as they emerge, they may deteriorate into phases where they cannot be controlled, putting the social-economic growth and development of the society in jeopardy. This is why this is necessary (Okoli and Onah, 2002). Because of this, the scope and impacts of public policy are typically quite all-encompassing and predominating, particularly in emerging nations like Nigeria that have a severely underdeveloped private sector (Ikelegbe 2006, Abah, 2010). It is the formulation and implementation of public policies that, for instance, determines the level of provision of social services, the availability of financial services for economic activities, the level of industrialization, the level of employment opportunities, the level of social or economic inequality, the availability of health facilities, the level of social security, the pace at which educational development takes place, and so on and so forth (Bardach & Eugene 2021). At its core, a public policy may be defined as any action or proposed action taken by the government with the intention of accomplishing a certain set of goals or objectives (Ikelegbe, 2006). In the context of a particular social issue, public policy serves to direct and decide not only the decisions that will be made by the government in the present and the future, but also the actions, decisions, and behaviors of private individuals and businesses. In its most basic form, a public policy is a directive that specifies how the government and various corporate organizations are to go about delivering programs and services that are intended to address a certain issue (Basu. 2022). In most cases, the legislative branch of government (whether at the federal, state, or local level) is responsible for making or formulating policies, while the executive branch of government (whether at the federal, state, or local level) is responsible for putting those policies into effect through public bureaucracy or designated private institutions. The public bureaucracy, on the other hand, is the entity that is typically tasked with the responsibility of carrying out the actual execution of public policy. Indeed, in practically every nation on the face of the earth, the public bureaucracy and, more particularly, the bureaucrats and career civil servants who work in such bureaucracies are principally responsible for the implementation of public policies (Anifowose & Enemuo 2022). As a result of this, the role that the government plays in the process of development is, to a very considerable extent, the one that the public bureaucracy plays (Abah, 2010). The public bureaucracy serves this duty by ensuring the successful execution of policies, initiatives, and programs undertaken by the government with the intention of reaching various development-related goals and objectives. However, the majority of the time in Nigeria, policies are well thought out and well crafted, but the bureaucracy fails to successfully implement them (Anifowose & Enemuo 2022). This results in public policies not being able to fulfill the aims and objectives they were supposed to attain, and eventually not being able to solve the issues that they were intended to solve (Basu. 2022). As a matter of fact, there are typically significant gaps between the aims of a policy that has been created and the goals that have been achieved as a direct result of inadequate implementation in virtually every area of public administration in Nigeria (Ozor, 2004; Mankinde, 2005). At first, the stage of policy development received a greater amount of attention in the academic literature devoted to policy studies. In modern times, on the other hand, the focus has switched to policy implementation as a result of the recognition that good policy implementation is not an automatic affair (Anifowose & Enemuo 2022). In developing nations like Nigeria, where citizens are increasingly looking to the government to effectively implement development projects and programs and where, on the other hand, ineffective implementation of policies has become very critical and worrisome, policy implementation has again become of greater concern to its formulation. This is particularly the case in developing nations like Nigeria, where citizens are increasingly looking to the government to effectively implement development projects and programs (Bardach & Eugene 2021). In light of this, and in accordance with the argument of Ugo and Ukpere (2011), which states that an adequate solution to the problem of effective policy implementation failures in Nigeria must logically stem from a rigorous examination and analysis of its causes, the purpose of this study is to investigate policy implementation as a major stage in the policy process, to highlight the need for and the role of public bureaucracy in the effective implementation of policies, and to investigate the obstacles that constrain the effective implementation of policies.
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